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Anvil press
A multi-anvil press, or "anvil press" is a type of device related to a machine press that is used to create extraordinarily high pressures within a small volume.
They are used in materials science and geology for the synthesis and study the different phases of materials under extreme pressure, as well as for the industrial production of valuable minerals, especially synthetic diamonds, as they mimic the pressures and temperatures that exist deep in the Earth. These instruments allow the simultaneous compression and heating of millimeter size solid phase samples such as rocks, minerals, ceramics, glasses, composite materials, or metals and are capable of reaching pressures above 25 GPa and temperatures exceeding 2,500 °C. This allows mineral physicists and petrologists studying the Earth’s interior to experimentally reproduce the conditions found throughout the lithosphere and upper mantle, a region that spans the near surface to a depth of 700 km. In addition to pressing on the sample, the experiment passes an electric current through a furnace within the assembly to generate temperatures up to 2,200 °C.〔(Studying the Earth's Formation: The Multi-Anvil Press at Work ) // LLNL〕 Although Diamond anvil cells and light-gas guns can access even higher pressures, the multi-anvil apparatus can accommodate much larger samples, which simplifies sample preparation and improves the precision of measurements and the stability of the experimental parameters. In addition to pressing on the sample, the experiment passes an electric current through a furnace within the assembly to generate temperatures up to 2,200°C.〔(Studying the Earth's Formation: The Multi-Anvil Press at Work ) // LLNL〕
The multi-anvil press is a relatively rare research tool. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's two presses have been used for a variety of material property studies, including diffusion and deformation of ceramics and metals, deep-focus earthquake, and the high-pressure stability of mineral phases.
==History==
The 6-8 multi-anvil apparatus was introduced by Kawai and Endo〔Kawai, N. and S. Endo (1970). "The generation of ultrahigh hydrostatic pressures by a split sphere apparatus." Review of Scientific Instruments 41.〕 using a split steel sphere suspended in pressurized oil, later modified〔Kawai, N., M. Togaya and A. Onodera (1973). "A new device for high pressure vessels." Proceedings of Japan Academy 49: 623-626.〕 to use the hydraulic ram. In 1990, Walker et al.〔Walker, D., M. A. Carpenter and C. M. Hitch (1990). "Some simplifications to multianvil devices for high pressure experiments." American Mineralogist 75: 1020-1028.〕 simplified the first compression stage by introducing the removable hatbox design, allowing ordinary machine presses to be converted into multi-anvil systems. A variety of assembly designs have been introduced and standardized including the Walker castable,〔Walker, D. (1991). "Lubrication, gasketing, and precisionin multianvil experiments." American Mineralogist 76: 1092-1100.〕 and the COMPRES assemblies.〔Leinenweber, K. D., J. A. Tyburczy, T. G. Sharp, E. Soignard, T. Diedrich, W. B. Petuskey, Y. Wang and J. L. Mosenfelder (2012). "Cell assemblies for reproducible multi-anvil experiments (the COMPRES assemblies)." American Mineralogist 97(2-3): 353-368.〕 Recent advances have focused on in-situ measurements, and standardizing materials and calibrations.
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